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                                            <h4 id="参考下文整理"><code>参考下文整理</code></h4>

<p><a href="https://www.cnblogs.com/bluealine/p/7832219.html" rel="nofollow" title="Mysql常用命令行大全" data-token="88184829e2f164f0e24884599daa26cd">Mysql常用命令行大全</a></p>

<h2 id="1连接mysql"><center>1、连接mysql</center></h2>

<p>格式： mysql -h主机地址 -u用户名 －p用户密码</p>

<p><strong>1、连接到本机上的MYSQL。</strong>（假设用户名、密码均为root）  <br>
  首先打开DOS窗口，切换至目录mysql\bin，再键入命令mysql -u root -p，回车后输密码root再回车即可；或者直接键入命令mysql -uroot -proot回车即可； <br>
<strong>注意：</strong>用户名前空格可有可无，但是密码前必须没有空格，否则再次输入密码。 <br>
  如果刚安装好MYSQL，超级用户root是没有密码的，故直接回车即可进入到MYSQL中了，MYSQL的提示符是： mysql&gt;</p>

<p><strong>2、连接到远程主机上的MYSQL。</strong> <br>
  假设远程主机的IP为：110.110.110.110，用户名为root,密码为root。则键入以下命令： <br>
    mysql -h110.110.110.110 -uroot -proot;（注:p与root之间可以不用加空格）。</p>

<p><strong>3、退出MYSQL命令：</strong>  <br>
  exit （回车）。</p>



<h2 id="2修改密码"><center>2、修改密码</center></h2>

<p>格式：alter user 用户名@主机地址 identified by ‘新密码’</p>

<p><strong>1、将root密码改为newroot。</strong> <br>
    alter user root@localhost identified by ‘newroot’ <br>
    主机地址为空时：alter user root identified by ‘newroot’ <br>
<strong>2、查看用户主机地址方法</strong></p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">mysql -uroot -proot
use mysql;
<span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">select</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">user</span>,host <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">user</span>;</span></code></pre>

<p>host列即为主机地址。</p>



<h2 id="3增加新用户"><center>3、增加新用户</center></h2>

<p><strong>注意：</strong>和上面不同，下面的因为是MYSQL环境中的命令，所以后面都带一个分号作为命令结束符</p>

<p>格式：create user ‘用户名’@’主机地址’ identified by ‘密码’;</p>

<p><strong>1、增加tom1用户 密码为 tom1，可在任何主机登录：</strong></p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs "><span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">create</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">user</span> <span class="hljs-string">'tom1'</span>@<span class="hljs-string">'localhost'</span> identified <span class="hljs-keyword">by</span> <span class="hljs-string">'tom1'</span>;</span></code></pre>

<p><strong>2、引号可省略，即：</strong></p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs "><span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">create</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">user</span> tom1@localhost identified <span class="hljs-keyword">by</span> <span class="hljs-string">'tom1'</span>;</span></code></pre>

<p><strong>3、主机地址存在 % 时不可省略引号，即：</strong></p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs "><span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">create</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">user</span> tom1@<span class="hljs-string">'192.168.1.%'</span> identified <span class="hljs-keyword">by</span> <span class="hljs-string">'tom1'</span>;</span></code></pre>



<h2 id="41-创建数据库"><center>4.1 创建数据库</center></h2>

<p><strong>注意：</strong>创建数据库之前要先连接Mysql服务器</p>

<p>格式：create database 数据库名</p>

<p><strong>1、建立一个名为testdb的数据库</strong></p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">   mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">create</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">database</span> testdb;</span></code></pre>



<h2 id="42-显示数据库"><center>4.2 显示数据库</center></h2>

<p>格式：show databases; （注意：最后有个s）</p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">show</span> databases;</span></code></pre>

<p>注意：为了不再显示的时候乱码，要修改数据库默认编码。以下以utf-8编码页面为例进行说明：</p>

<p>1、修改MYSQL的配置文件：my.ini里面修改default-character-set=utf-8 <br>
2、代码运行时修改： <br>
   ①Java代码：jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test?useUnicode=true&amp;characterEncoding=utf-8；</p>



<h2 id="43-删除数据库"><center>4.3 删除数据库</center></h2>

<p>格式：drop database  数据库名;</p>

<p><strong>1、删除名为 testdb的数据库</strong> <br>
mysql&gt; drop database testdb;</p>

<p><strong>2、删除一个已经确定存在的数据库</strong></p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">drop</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">database</span> testdb;</span>
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)</code></pre>

<p><strong>3、删除一个不确定存在的数据库</strong></p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">drop</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">database</span> testdb;</span>
ERROR 1008 (HY000): Can't <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">drop</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">database</span> <span class="hljs-string">'testdb'</span>;</span> database doesn't exist
//发生错误，不能删除'testdb'数据库，该数据库不存在。</code></pre>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">drop</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">database</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">exists</span> testdb;</span>
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
//产生一个警告说明此数据库不存在
查看警告：
mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">show</span> warnings;</span>
Empty <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">set</span> (<span class="hljs-number">0.00</span> sec)</span></code></pre>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">create</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">database</span> testdb;</span>
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">drop</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">database</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">exists</span> testdb;</span>
//if exists 判断数据库是否存在，不存在也不产生错误
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)</code></pre>



<h2 id="44-连接数据库"><center>4.4 连接数据库</center></h2>

<p>格式： use  数据库名</p>

<p><strong>1、如果testdb数据库存在，连接数据库：</strong></p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">mysql&gt; use testdb;
Database changed</code></pre>

<p>use 语句可以通告MySQL把db_name数据库作为默认（当前）数据库使用，用于后续语句。该数据库保持为默认数据库，直到语段的结尾，或者直到发布一个不同的USE语句：</p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">mysql&gt; USE db1;
mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">SELECT</span> <span class="hljs-aggregate">COUNT</span>(*) <span class="hljs-keyword">FROM</span> mytable;</span>   即：selects from db1.mytable;
mysql&gt; USE db2;
mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">SELECT</span> <span class="hljs-aggregate">COUNT</span>(*) <span class="hljs-keyword">FROM</span> mytable;</span>   即：selects from db2.mytable;</code></pre>

<p>使用USE语句为一个特定的当前的数据库做标记，不会阻碍您访问其它数据库中的表。下面的例子可以从db1数据库访问作者表，并从db2数据库访问编辑表：</p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">mysql&gt; USE db1;
mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">SELECT</span> author_name,editor_name <span class="hljs-keyword">FROM</span> author,db2.editor
    -&gt;        <span class="hljs-keyword">WHERE</span> author.editor_id = db2.editor.editor_id;</span></code></pre>

<p><strong>2、连接其他数据库</strong> <br>
直接使用命令：use 其他数据库名字就可以了。</p>



<h2 id="45-当前选择的数据库"><center>4.5 当前选择的数据库</center></h2>

<p>命令：select database();</p>

<p>MySQL中select命令类似于其他编程语言里的print或者write，你可以用它来显示一个字符串、数字、数学表达式的结果等等。部分select命令如下：</p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs "><span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">select</span> version();</span> // 显示mysql版本
<span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">select</span> now();</span> // 显示当前时间
<span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">select</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">current_date</span>;</span> // 显示年月日
<span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">select</span> ((<span class="hljs-number">4</span> * <span class="hljs-number">4</span>) / <span class="hljs-number">10</span> ) + <span class="hljs-number">25</span>;</span> // 计算</code></pre>



<h2 id="51-创建数据表"><center>5.1 创建数据表</center></h2>

<p>格式：create table  表名 ( 字段名1  类型1 ,  ···  字段名n 类型n);</p>

<p><strong>1、建立一个名为class的表：</strong></p>

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
  <th>字段名</th>
  <th>数字类型</th>
  <th>数据宽度</th>
  <th>是否为空</th>
  <th>是否主键</th>
  <th>自增</th>
  <th>默认值</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
  <td>id</td>
  <td>int</td>
  <td>4</td>
  <td>否</td>
  <td>primary key</td>
  <td>auto_increment</td>
  <td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td>name</td>
  <td>char</td>
  <td>20</td>
  <td>否</td>
  <td></td>
  <td></td>
  <td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td>sex</td>
  <td>int</td>
  <td>4</td>
  <td>否</td>
  <td></td>
  <td></td>
  <td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td>degree</td>
  <td>double</td>
  <td>16</td>
  <td>是</td>
  <td></td>
  <td></td>
  <td></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>




<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">create</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">table</span> class(
    -&gt; id <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span>(<span class="hljs-number">4</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">not</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">null</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">primary</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">key</span> auto_increment comment <span class="hljs-string">'主键'</span>,
    -&gt; name <span class="hljs-keyword">varchar</span>(<span class="hljs-number">20</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">not</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">null</span> comment <span class="hljs-string">'姓名'</span>,
    -&gt; sex <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span>(<span class="hljs-number">4</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">not</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">null</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">default</span> <span class="hljs-string">'0'</span> comment <span class="hljs-string">'性别'</span>,
    -&gt; degree <span class="hljs-keyword">double</span>(<span class="hljs-number">16</span>,<span class="hljs-number">2</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">default</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">null</span> comment <span class="hljs-string">'分数'</span>);</span>
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec)

<span class="hljs-comment">--查看表详情：</span>
mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">show</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">full</span> fields <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> class;</span>
或
mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">show</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">full</span> columns <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> class;</span>
+<span class="hljs-comment">--------+--------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+---------------------------------+---------+</span>
| Field  | Type         | Collation       | Null | Key | Default | Extra          | Privileges                      | Comment |
+<span class="hljs-comment">--------+--------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+---------------------------------+---------+</span>
| id     | int(4)       | NULL            | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment | <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">select</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">insert</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">update</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">references</span> | 主键    |
| name   | <span class="hljs-keyword">varchar</span>(<span class="hljs-number">20</span>)  | utf8_general_ci | <span class="hljs-keyword">NO</span>   |     | <span class="hljs-keyword">NULL</span>    |                | <span class="hljs-keyword">select</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">insert</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">update</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">references</span> | 姓名    |
| sex    | <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span>(<span class="hljs-number">4</span>)       | <span class="hljs-keyword">NULL</span>            | <span class="hljs-keyword">NO</span>   |     | <span class="hljs-number">0</span>       |                | <span class="hljs-keyword">select</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">insert</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">update</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">references</span> | 性别    |
| degree | <span class="hljs-keyword">double</span>(<span class="hljs-number">16</span>,<span class="hljs-number">2</span>) | <span class="hljs-keyword">NULL</span>            | YES  |     | <span class="hljs-keyword">NULL</span>    |                | <span class="hljs-keyword">select</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">insert</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">update</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">references</span> | 分数    |
+--------+--------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+---------------------------------+---------+
<span class="hljs-number">4</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">rows</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">set</span> (<span class="hljs-number">0.01</span> sec)</span></code></pre>



<h2 id="53-删除数据表"><center>5.3 删除数据表</center></h2>

<p>格式：drop table  表名</p>

<p>1、删除表名为 mytable 的表</p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">drop</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">table</span> mytable;</span>
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)</code></pre>

<p>DROP TABLE用于取消一个或多个表。您必须有每个表的DROP权限。所有的表数据和表定义会被取消，所以使用本语句要小心！</p>

<p>注意：对于一个带分区的表，DROP TABLE会永久性地取消表定义，取消各分区，并取消储存在这些分区中的所有数据。DROP TABLE还会取消与被取消的表有关联的分区定义（.par）文件。</p>

<p><strong>2、删除可能不存在的表</strong> <br>
对于不存在的表，使用IF EXISTS用于防止错误发生。当使用IF EXISTS时，对于每个不存在的表，会生成一个NOTE。</p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">drop</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">table</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">exists</span> mytable;</span>
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">show</span> warnings;</span>
+<span class="hljs-comment">-------+------+---------------------------------+</span>
| Level | Code | Message                         |
+<span class="hljs-comment">-------+------+---------------------------------+</span>
| Note  | 1051 | Unknown table 'charles.mytable' |
+<span class="hljs-comment">-------+------+---------------------------------+</span>
1 row in <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">set</span> (<span class="hljs-number">0.00</span> sec)</span></code></pre>



<h2 id="54-表插入数据"><center>5.4 表插入数据</center></h2>

<p>格式：insert into 表名 ( 字段名1,···, 字段名n ) values ( 值1, ···, 值n );</p>

<p><strong>1、向表class中插入一条记录</strong></p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">insert</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">into</span> class(name,sex,degree) <span class="hljs-keyword">values</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'charles'</span>,<span class="hljs-string">'1'</span>,<span class="hljs-string">'80.5'</span>);</span>
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">select</span> * <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> class;</span>
+<span class="hljs-comment">----+---------+-----+--------+</span>
| id | name    | sex | degree |
+<span class="hljs-comment">----+---------+-----+--------+</span>
|  1 | charles |   1 |  80.50 |
+<span class="hljs-comment">----+---------+-----+--------+</span>
1 row in <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">set</span> (<span class="hljs-number">0.00</span> sec)</span></code></pre>

<p><strong>2、插入多条记录</strong></p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">insert</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">into</span> class(name,sex,degree) <span class="hljs-keyword">values</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'charles'</span>,<span class="hljs-string">'1'</span>,<span class="hljs-string">'80.5'</span>),(<span class="hljs-string">'tom'</span>,<span class="hljs-string">'1'</span>,<span class="hljs-string">'80.5'</span>);</span>
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">select</span> * <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> class;</span>
+<span class="hljs-comment">----+---------+-----+--------+</span>
| id | name    | sex | degree |
+<span class="hljs-comment">----+---------+-----+--------+</span>
|  9 | charles |   1 |  80.50 |
| 10 | tom     |   1 |  80.50 |
+<span class="hljs-comment">----+---------+-----+--------+</span>
2 rows in <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">set</span> (<span class="hljs-number">0.00</span> sec)</span></code></pre>



<h2 id="55-查询表数据"><center>5.5 查询表数据</center></h2>

<p><strong>1、查询所有行</strong> <br>
格式： select  字段1, ···, 字段n  from   表名  where  表达式 <br>
查看表 class 中所有数据：</p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">select</span> * <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> class;</span>
+<span class="hljs-comment">----+---------+-----+--------+</span>
| id | name    | sex | degree |
+<span class="hljs-comment">----+---------+-----+--------+</span>
|  1 | charles |   1 |  80.50 |
|  2 | charles |   1 |  80.50 |
|  3 | charles |   1 |  80.50 |
|  4 | charles |   1 |  80.50 |
|  5 | charles |   1 |  80.50 |
|  6 | charles |   1 |  80.50 |
+<span class="hljs-comment">----+---------+-----+--------+</span>
6 rows in <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">set</span> (<span class="hljs-number">0.00</span> sec)</span></code></pre>

<p><strong>2、查询前几行</strong> <br>
例如：查看表 class 中前2行数据：</p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">select</span> * <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> class limit <span class="hljs-number">2</span>;</span>
+<span class="hljs-comment">----+---------+-----+--------+</span>
| id | name    | sex | degree |
+<span class="hljs-comment">----+---------+-----+--------+</span>
|  1 | charles |   1 |  80.50 |
|  2 | charles |   1 |  80.50 |
+<span class="hljs-comment">----+---------+-----+--------+</span>
2 rows in <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">set</span> (<span class="hljs-number">0.00</span> sec)
<span class="hljs-keyword">select</span></span></code></pre>

<p>一般配合where使用，以查询更精确更复杂的数据。</p>



<h2 id="56-删除表中数据"><center>5.6 删除表中数据</center></h2>

<p>格式：delete from 表名 where 表达式</p>

<p><strong>1、删除表 class 中id为1 的记录</strong></p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">delete</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> class <span class="hljs-keyword">where</span> id=<span class="hljs-string">'9'</span>;</span>
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">select</span> * <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> class;</span>
+<span class="hljs-comment">----+------+-----+--------+</span>
| id | name | sex | degree |
+<span class="hljs-comment">----+------+-----+--------+</span>
| 10 | tom  |   1 |  80.50 |
+<span class="hljs-comment">----+------+-----+--------+</span>
1 row in <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">set</span> (<span class="hljs-number">0.00</span> sec)</span></code></pre>



<h2 id="57-修改表中数据"><center>5.7 修改表中数据</center></h2>

<p>格式： <br>
UPDATE  <code>[LOW_PRIORITY]</code>  tbl_name SET col_name1=expr1 <code>[, col_name2=expr2 ...]</code> <code>[WHERE where_definition]</code> <code>[ORDER BY ...]</code> <code>[LIMIT row_count]</code></p>

<ul>
<li><code>UPDATE</code>语法可以用新值更新原有表行中的各列；</li>
<li><code>SET</code>子句指示要修改哪些列和要给予哪些值；</li>
<li><code>WHERE</code>子句指定应更新哪些行。如果没有<code>WHERE</code>子句，则更新所有的行；</li>
<li>如果指定了<code>ORDER BY</code>子句，则按照被指定的顺序对行进行更新；</li>
<li><code>LIMIT</code>子句用于给定一个限值，限制可以被更新的行的数目。</li>
</ul>

<p><strong>1、单表update一条记录</strong></p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">update</span> class <span class="hljs-keyword">set</span> degree = <span class="hljs-string">'90.9'</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">where</span> id = <span class="hljs-number">10</span>;</span>
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">select</span> * <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> class;</span>
+<span class="hljs-comment">----+------+-----+--------+</span>
| id | name | sex | degree |
+<span class="hljs-comment">----+------+-----+--------+</span>
| 10 | tom  |   1 |  90.90 |
+<span class="hljs-comment">----+------+-----+--------+</span>
1 row in <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">set</span> (<span class="hljs-number">0.00</span> sec)</span></code></pre>

<p><strong>2、单表update多条记录</strong></p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">update</span> class <span class="hljs-keyword">set</span> degree = <span class="hljs-string">'0'</span>
    -&gt; <span class="hljs-keyword">where</span> id &lt; <span class="hljs-number">9</span>
    -&gt; <span class="hljs-keyword">order</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">by</span> id <span class="hljs-keyword">desc</span>
    -&gt; limit <span class="hljs-number">3</span>;</span>
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 3  Changed: 3  Warnings: 0

mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">select</span> * <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> class;</span>
+<span class="hljs-comment">----+------+-----+--------+</span>
| id | name | sex | degree |
+<span class="hljs-comment">----+------+-----+--------+</span>
|  1 | tom1 |   1 |  90.00 |
|  2 | tom2 |   1 |  90.00 |
|  3 | tom3 |   1 |   0.00 |
|  4 | tom4 |   1 |   0.00 |
|  5 | tom5 |   1 |   0.00 |
| 10 | tom  |   1 |  90.90 |
+<span class="hljs-comment">----+------+-----+--------+</span>
6 rows in <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">set</span> (<span class="hljs-number">0.00</span> sec)</span></code></pre>



<h2 id="58-增加字段"><center>5.8 增加字段</center></h2>

<p><br></p>



<h4 id="更多详细内容查看mysql57官方参考手册-1"><code>更多详细内容查看MySQL5.7官方参考手册</code></h4>

<p><a href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/alter-table.html" rel="nofollow" title="MySQL 5.7 参考手册" data-token="1bb73623bef1131af29e7fc480ff9d69">MySQL 5.7 Reference Manual</a> <br>
<br> <br>
<strong>1、增加单列</strong> <br>
格式：ALTER TABLE tbl_name ADD col_name1 column_definition  <code>[FIRST | AFTER col_name]</code>; <br>
<code>[FIRST | AFTER col_name]</code> 指定位置关系，<code>FIRST</code>表示在第一列，<code>AFTER</code> col_name表示在 col_name 列之后；</p>

<p>在表class中添加了一个字段exam_type，类型为<code>INT(4)</code>，默认值为 <code>NULL</code>，在sex列后</p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">ALTER</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">TABLE</span> class
    -&gt; <span class="hljs-keyword">ADD</span> exam_type
    -&gt; <span class="hljs-keyword">INT</span>(<span class="hljs-number">4</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">DEFAULT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">NULL</span>
    -&gt; COMMENT <span class="hljs-string">'考试类别'</span>
    -&gt; <span class="hljs-keyword">AFTER</span> sex;</span>
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.11 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql&gt; desc class;
+<span class="hljs-comment">-----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+</span>
| Field     | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+<span class="hljs-comment">-----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+</span>
| id        | int(4)       | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name      | varchar(20)  | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| sex       | int(4)       | NO   |     | 0       |                |
| exam_type | int(4)       | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| degree    | double(16,2) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+<span class="hljs-comment">-----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+</span>
5 rows in <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">set</span> (<span class="hljs-number">0.00</span> sec)</span></code></pre>

<p><strong>2、增加多列</strong></p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">ALTER</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">TABLE</span> class <span class="hljs-keyword">ADD</span>(
    -&gt; col_1 <span class="hljs-keyword">VARCHAR</span>(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">DEFAULT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">NULL</span>,
    -&gt; col_2 <span class="hljs-keyword">VARCHAR</span>(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">DEFAULT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">NULL</span>
    -&gt; );</span>
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.11 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql&gt; desc class;
+<span class="hljs-comment">-----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+</span>
| Field     | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+<span class="hljs-comment">-----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+</span>
| id        | int(4)       | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name      | varchar(20)  | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| sex       | int(4)       | NO   |     | 0       |                |
| exam_type | int(4)       | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| degree    | double(16,2) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| col_1     | varchar(10)  | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| col_2     | varchar(10)  | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+<span class="hljs-comment">-----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+</span>
7 rows in <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">set</span> (<span class="hljs-number">0.00</span> sec)</span></code></pre>

<p>有多种写法，比如：</p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs "><span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">ALTER</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">TABLE</span> class <span class="hljs-keyword">ADD</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">COLUMN</span>(
col_1 <span class="hljs-keyword">VARCHAR</span>(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">DEFAULT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">NULL</span>,
col_2 <span class="hljs-keyword">VARCHAR</span>(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">DEFAULT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">NULL</span> 
);</span>

<span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">ALTER</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">TABLE</span> class 
<span class="hljs-keyword">ADD</span> col_1 <span class="hljs-keyword">VARCHAR</span>(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">DEFAULT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">NULL</span>,
<span class="hljs-keyword">ADD</span> col_2 <span class="hljs-keyword">VARCHAR</span>(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">DEFAULT</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">NULL</span>;</span></code></pre>

<p><strong>注意：</strong> 增加多列时不可指定位置关系。</p>

<p><strong>2、删除列</strong> <br>
格式：ALTER TABLE tbl_name DROP <code>[COLUMN]</code> col_name1 <code>[, DROP col_name2 ...]</code>; <br>
 - <code>[COLUMN]</code> 关键字可有可无； <br>
 - 删除多列时需使用<code>DROP</code>关键字，不可直接用 , 分隔；</p>



<h2 id="59-修改字段"><center>5.9 修改字段</center></h2>

<p>格式：</p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs "><span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">ALTER</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">TABLE</span> tbl_name
CHANGE [<span class="hljs-keyword">COLUMN</span>] old_col_name new_col_name column_definition
[<span class="hljs-keyword">FIRST</span>|<span class="hljs-keyword">AFTER</span> col_name]</span></code></pre>

<p><strong>1、修改表class 列name 为 name_new</strong></p>

<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">alter</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">table</span> class
    -&gt; change name name_new <span class="hljs-keyword">varchar</span>(<span class="hljs-number">50</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">not</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">null</span> comment <span class="hljs-string">'姓名'</span>;</span> // 注意一定要指定类型
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">show</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">full</span> fields <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> class;</span>
+<span class="hljs-comment">-----------+--------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+---------------------------------+----------+</span>
| Field     | Type         | Collation       | Null | Key | Default | Extra | Privileges                      | Comment  |
+<span class="hljs-comment">-----------+--------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+---------------------------------+----------+</span>
| id        | int(4)       | NULL            | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       | <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">select</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">insert</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">update</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">references</span> |          |
| name_new  | <span class="hljs-keyword">varchar</span>(<span class="hljs-number">50</span>)  | utf8_general_ci | <span class="hljs-keyword">NO</span>   |     | <span class="hljs-keyword">NULL</span>    |       | <span class="hljs-keyword">select</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">insert</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">update</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">references</span> | 姓名     |
| sex       | <span class="hljs-keyword">varchar</span>(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>)  | utf8_general_ci | YES  |     | <span class="hljs-keyword">NULL</span>    |       | <span class="hljs-keyword">select</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">insert</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">update</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">references</span> |          |
| degree    | <span class="hljs-keyword">double</span>(<span class="hljs-number">16</span>,<span class="hljs-number">2</span>) | <span class="hljs-keyword">NULL</span>            | YES  |     | <span class="hljs-keyword">NULL</span>    |       | <span class="hljs-keyword">select</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">insert</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">update</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">references</span> | 分数     |
| exam_type | <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span>(<span class="hljs-number">4</span>)       | <span class="hljs-keyword">NULL</span>            | YES  |     | <span class="hljs-keyword">NULL</span>    |       | <span class="hljs-keyword">select</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">insert</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">update</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">references</span> | 考试类别 |
| remark    | <span class="hljs-keyword">varchar</span>(<span class="hljs-number">200</span>) | utf8_general_ci | YES  |     | <span class="hljs-keyword">NULL</span>    |       | <span class="hljs-keyword">select</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">insert</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">update</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">references</span> | 备注     |
+-----------+--------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+---------------------------------+----------+
<span class="hljs-number">6</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">rows</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">set</span> (<span class="hljs-number">0.01</span> sec)</span></code></pre>

<p><strong>2、修改表class 列sex 类型为 varchar</strong></p>

<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">alter</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">table</span> class
    -&gt; modify sex <span class="hljs-keyword">varchar</span>(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>);</span>
Query OK, 7 rows affected (0.11 sec)
Records: 7  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">show</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">full</span> fields <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> class;</span>
+<span class="hljs-comment">-----------+--------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+---------------------------------+---------+</span>
| Field     | Type         | Collation       | Null | Key | Default | Extra | Privileges                      | Comment |
+<span class="hljs-comment">-----------+--------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+---------------------------------+---------+</span>
| id        | int(4)       | NULL            | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       | <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">select</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">insert</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">update</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">references</span> |         |
| name_new  | <span class="hljs-keyword">varchar</span>(<span class="hljs-number">50</span>)  | utf8_general_ci | <span class="hljs-keyword">NO</span>   |     | <span class="hljs-keyword">NULL</span>    |       | <span class="hljs-keyword">select</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">insert</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">update</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">references</span> | 姓名    |
| sex       | <span class="hljs-keyword">varchar</span>(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>)  | utf8_general_ci | YES  |     | <span class="hljs-keyword">NULL</span>    |       | <span class="hljs-keyword">select</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">insert</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">update</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">references</span> |         |
| degree    | <span class="hljs-keyword">double</span>(<span class="hljs-number">16</span>,<span class="hljs-number">2</span>) | <span class="hljs-keyword">NULL</span>            | YES  |     | <span class="hljs-keyword">NULL</span>    |       | <span class="hljs-keyword">select</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">insert</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">update</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">references</span> | 分数    |
| exam_type | <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span>(<span class="hljs-number">4</span>)       | <span class="hljs-keyword">NULL</span>            | YES  |     | <span class="hljs-keyword">NULL</span>    |       | <span class="hljs-keyword">select</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">insert</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">update</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">references</span> | 考试类别  |
+-----------+--------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+---------------------------------+---------+
<span class="hljs-number">5</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">rows</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">set</span> (<span class="hljs-number">0.00</span> sec)</span></code></pre>

<h2 id="61-添加约束"><center>6.1 添加约束</center></h2>

<p><strong>1、添加主键约束</strong> <br>
格式：ALTER TABLE tbl_name ADD <code>[CONSTRAINT [symbol]]</code> PRIMARY KEY <code>[index_type]</code> (index_col_name,…);</p>

<ul>
<li><code>[CONSTRAINT [symbol]]</code> constraint 关键字，symbol 表示约束别名，可有可无，mysql会自动创建；</li>
<li><code>[index_type]</code> 索引类型 包含 <code>{BTREE | HASH}</code>，存储引擎为InnoDB时只能使用BTREE，默认值为BTREE； <br>
给表 class 中 id 列 添加主键约束</li>
</ul>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">ALTER</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">TABLE</span> class
    -&gt; <span class="hljs-keyword">add</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">CONSTRAINT</span> pk_id <span class="hljs-keyword">PRIMARY</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">KEY</span>
    -&gt; <span class="hljs-keyword">USING</span> BTREE (id);</span>
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.10 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
// 查看约束：
mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">select</span> constraint_name,table_schema,table_name,column_name <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> information_schema.key_column_usage
    -&gt; <span class="hljs-keyword">where</span> table_name = <span class="hljs-string">'class'</span>;</span>
+<span class="hljs-comment">-----------------+--------------+------------+-------------+</span>
| constraint_name | table_schema | table_name | column_name |
+<span class="hljs-comment">-----------------+--------------+------------+-------------+</span>
| PRIMARY         | charles      | class      | id          |
+<span class="hljs-comment">-----------------+--------------+------------+-------------+</span>
1 row in <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">set</span> (<span class="hljs-number">0.00</span> sec)
注意: constraint_name 并不是 pk_id，说明命令中symbol并没有生效，我也不知道为什么，，
或者：
mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-keyword">show</span> keys <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> class;</span>
或者：
mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">show</span> index <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> class;</span></code></pre>

<p>若出现：<code>ERROR 1068 (42000): Multiple primary key defined</code> ，说明主键定义重复，id 列本来就存在主键，所以需要先删除主键。删除方法参考： <br>
<a href="https://blog.csdn.net/LanTingShuXu/article/details/70215063" rel="nofollow" title="【数据库】MySQL中删除主键】" data-token="aa5440af5b3998286388e9d1330bb1cc">【数据库】MySQL中删除主键】</a> <br>
<strong>转自：<a href="https://blog.csdn.net/LanTingShuXu/article/details/70215063" rel="nofollow" data-token="aa5440af5b3998286388e9d1330bb1cc">https://blog.csdn.net/LanTingShuXu/article/details/70215063</a></strong></p>

<p><strong>2、添加唯一约束</strong> <br>
格式：</p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs "><span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">ALTER</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">TABLE</span> tbl_name <span class="hljs-keyword">ADD</span> [<span class="hljs-keyword">CONSTRAINT</span> [symbol]] <span class="hljs-keyword">UNIQUE</span> [INDEX|<span class="hljs-keyword">KEY</span>] [index_name] [index_type] (index_col_name,...);</span></code></pre>

<ul>
<li><code>[INDEX|KEY]</code> 说明是 <code>INDEX</code> 还是 <code>KEY</code>，关于<code>INDEX</code> 和 <code>KEY</code> 的区别参考：<a href="https://www.cnblogs.com/654321cc/p/7762943.html" rel="nofollow" title="数据库操作之——key与index的区别 " data-token="e3117c9e65825faba7697613281d9e7c">数据库操作之——key与index的区别 </a>  <br><strong>（转自：<a href="https://www.cnblogs.com/654321cc/p/7762943.html" rel="nofollow" data-token="e3117c9e65825faba7697613281d9e7c">https://www.cnblogs.com/654321cc/p/7762943.html</a>）</strong></li>
<li><code>[index_name]</code> 索引名称，<strong>好像</strong> 和<code>[CONSTRAINT [symbol]]</code> 没有区别；</li>
<li><code>[index_type]</code> 索引类型， 包含 <code>{BTREE | HASH}</code>，</li>
<li>这部分的叙述参考：<a href="https://blog.csdn.net/yue7603835/article/details/54925374" rel="nofollow" title="mysql索引创建修改删除" data-token="8579586f72aa46fe91c675e826f39a40">mysql索引创建修改删除</a><br><strong>(转自：<a href="https://blog.csdn.net/yue7603835/article/details/54925374" rel="nofollow" data-token="8579586f72aa46fe91c675e826f39a40">https://blog.csdn.net/yue7603835/article/details/54925374</a>)</strong></li>
</ul>

<p><strong>1）给表class 列 name 添加 唯一约束</strong></p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">ALTER</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">TABLE</span> class
    -&gt; <span class="hljs-keyword">ADD</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">UNIQUE</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">KEY</span> uk_name <span class="hljs-keyword">USING</span> BTREE (name);</span>
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">select</span> constraint_name,table_schema,table_name,column_name <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> information_schema.key_column_usage
    -&gt; <span class="hljs-keyword">where</span> table_name = <span class="hljs-string">'class'</span>;</span>
+<span class="hljs-comment">-----------------+--------------+------------+-------------+</span>
| constraint_name | table_schema | table_name | column_name |
+<span class="hljs-comment">-----------------+--------------+------------+-------------+</span>
| PRIMARY         | charles      | class      | id          |
| uk_name         | charles      | class      | name        |
+<span class="hljs-comment">-----------------+--------------+------------+-------------+</span>
2 rows in <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">set</span> (<span class="hljs-number">0.00</span> sec)
这个约束的constraint_name 生效了，并且命令中使用 <span class="hljs-keyword">constraint</span> uk_name 效果相同，
同时使用时index_name 优先级高。</span></code></pre>

<p><strong>2）尝试插入重复 name tom</strong></p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">select</span> * <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> class;</span>
+<span class="hljs-comment">----+------+-----+-----------+--------+</span>
| id | name | sex | exam_type | degree |
+<span class="hljs-comment">----+------+-----+-----------+--------+</span>
|  1 | tom1 |   1 |      NULL |  90.00 |
|  2 | tom2 |   1 |      NULL |  90.00 |
|  3 | tom3 |   1 |      NULL |   0.00 |
|  4 | tom4 |   1 |      NULL |   0.00 |
|  5 | tom5 |   1 |      NULL |   0.00 |
|  6 | tom6 |   0 |      NULL |   NULL |
| 10 | tom  |   1 |      NULL |  90.90 |
+<span class="hljs-comment">----+------+-----+-----------+--------+</span>
7 rows in <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">set</span> (<span class="hljs-number">0.00</span> sec)
mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-keyword">insert</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">into</span> class(id, name) <span class="hljs-keyword">values</span>(<span class="hljs-number">7</span>,<span class="hljs-string">'tom'</span>);</span>
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'tom' for key 'uk_name' 
// 重复录入 for 约束 'uk_name'，不能插入</code></pre>

<p><strong>3）删除唯一约束</strong></p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">alter</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">table</span> class <span class="hljs-keyword">drop</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">key</span> uk_name;</span>
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">show</span> keys <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> class;</span>
+<span class="hljs-comment">-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+</span>
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+<span class="hljs-comment">-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+</span>
| class |          0 | PRIMARY  |            1 | id          | A         |           7 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |               |
+<span class="hljs-comment">-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+</span>
1 row in <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">set</span> (<span class="hljs-number">0.00</span> sec)</span></code></pre>



<h2 id="62-添加索引"><center>6.2 添加索引</center></h2>

<p><strong>1、加索引</strong> <br>
格式：</p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">  普通索引
<span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">ALTER</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">TABLE</span> tbl_name
<span class="hljs-keyword">ADD</span> {INDEX|<span class="hljs-keyword">KEY</span>} [index_name]
(key_part,...) [index_option] ...

  全文索引
<span class="hljs-keyword">ALTER</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">TABLE</span> tbl_name
<span class="hljs-keyword">ADD</span> FULLTEXT [INDEX|<span class="hljs-keyword">KEY</span>] [index_name]
(key_part,...) [index_option] ...

  空间索引
<span class="hljs-keyword">ALTER</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">TABLE</span> tbl_name
<span class="hljs-keyword">ADD</span> SPATIAL [INDEX|<span class="hljs-keyword">KEY</span>] [index_name]
(key_part,...) [index_option] ...

key_part:
    col_name [(length)] [<span class="hljs-keyword">ASC</span> | <span class="hljs-keyword">DESC</span>]

index_type:
    <span class="hljs-keyword">USING</span> {BTREE | HASH}

index_option:
    KEY_BLOCK_SIZE [=] <span class="hljs-keyword">value</span>
  | index_type
  | <span class="hljs-keyword">WITH</span> PARSER parser_name
  | COMMENT <span class="hljs-string">'string'</span></span></code></pre>

<ul>
<li>格式参考对应版本官方手册；</li>
<li>[] 表示非必需，{} 表示多选一；</li>
<li><code>key_part</code>和 <code>index_type</code> 和 <code>index_option</code>中各项的含义参考：<a href="https://blog.csdn.net/rongxiaojun1989/article/details/77731662" rel="nofollow" title="MySQL进阶语法" data-token="30401f5b120624a05220dc6dc58d6a83">MySQL进阶语法</a><br><strong>(转自：<a href="https://blog.csdn.net/rongxiaojun1989/article/details/77731662" rel="nofollow" data-token="30401f5b120624a05220dc6dc58d6a83">https://blog.csdn.net/rongxiaojun1989/article/details/77731662</a>)</strong></li>
<li>索引简单比较参考：<a href="https://www.cnblogs.com/xuzhengzong/p/7680464.html" rel="nofollow" title="【mysql】主键、普通索引、唯一索引和全文索引的比较 " data-token="cf062d0d4e42dee82a0cc184287bc13c">【mysql】主键、普通索引、唯一索引和全文索引的比较 </a><br><strong>(转自：<a href="https://www.cnblogs.com/xuzhengzong/p/7680464.html" rel="nofollow" data-token="cf062d0d4e42dee82a0cc184287bc13c">https://www.cnblogs.com/xuzhengzong/p/7680464.html</a>)</strong></li>
</ul>

<p><strong>1）给表class 列name 添加普通索引</strong></p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">alter</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">table</span> class
    -&gt; <span class="hljs-keyword">add</span> index name_index (name);</span>
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">show</span> index <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> class;</span>
+<span class="hljs-comment">-------+------------+------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+</span>
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name   | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+<span class="hljs-comment">-------+------------+------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+</span>
| class |          0 | PRIMARY    |            1 | id          | A         |           7 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |               |
| class |          1 | name_index |            1 | name        | A         |           7 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |               |
+<span class="hljs-comment">-------+------------+------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+</span>
2 rows in <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">set</span> (<span class="hljs-number">0.00</span> sec)</span></code></pre>

<p><strong>2）给表class 列remark 添加普通索引</strong></p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">添加列remark：
mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">alter</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">table</span> class
    -&gt; <span class="hljs-keyword">add</span> remark <span class="hljs-keyword">varchar</span>(<span class="hljs-number">200</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">default</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">null</span> comment <span class="hljs-string">'备注'</span>;</span>

添加全文索引：
mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">alter</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">table</span> class
    -&gt; <span class="hljs-keyword">add</span> fulltext remark_full (remark);</span>
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.34 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 1

mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">show</span> index <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> class;</span>
+<span class="hljs-comment">-------+------------+-------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+</span>
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name    | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+<span class="hljs-comment">-------+------------+-------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+</span>
| class |          0 | PRIMARY     |            1 | id          | A         |           7 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |               |
| class |          1 | name_index  |            1 | name        | A         |           7 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |               |
| class |          1 | remark_full |            1 | remark      | NULL      |           7 |     NULL | NULL   | YES  | FULLTEXT   |         |               |
+<span class="hljs-comment">-------+------------+-------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+</span>
3 rows in <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">set</span> (<span class="hljs-number">0.00</span> sec)</span></code></pre>

<p><strong>3）删除索引 </strong></p>



<pre class="prettyprint"><code class="language-sql hljs ">mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">alter</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">table</span> class
    -&gt; <span class="hljs-keyword">drop</span> index name_index,
    -&gt; <span class="hljs-keyword">drop</span> index remark_full;</span>
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql&gt; <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">show</span> index <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> class;</span>
+<span class="hljs-comment">-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+</span>
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+<span class="hljs-comment">-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+</span>
| class |          0 | PRIMARY  |            1 | id          | A         |           7 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |               |
+<span class="hljs-comment">-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+</span>
1 row in <span class="hljs-operator"><span class="hljs-keyword">set</span> (<span class="hljs-number">0.00</span> sec)</span></code></pre>                                    </div>
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